Shoulder arthroscopy

How arthroscopy works

Sterile fluid gently expands the joint and a small camera displays magnified views on a monitor. Additional portals allow probes, shavers, radiofrequency instruments, burrs, suture passers, and anchors to be used. The surgeon examines the joint systematically before treating the confirmed problem.

Common uses

• Rotator cuff repair
• Labral repair and stabilization
• Biceps treatment
• Removal of inflamed or damaged tissue
• Capsular release for refractory stiffness

Debridement versus repair

Debridement removes unstable or inflamed tissue and often permits quicker motion. A repair fixes tendon, labrum, or capsule back to bone and must be protected while tissue heals. This difference—not the small incision size—largely determines sling time, therapy, work limits, and recovery.

Before surgery

The diagnosis should be supported by history, examination, and appropriate imaging. Nonsurgical care is usually tried when safe. Before elective surgery, the team reviews medications, diabetes control, nicotine use, skin condition, anesthesia risks, transportation, and the help needed at home.

What to expect

Most arthroscopic patients go home the same day. A regional nerve block is usually combined with general anesthesia and may keep the arm numb for 12–36 hours. Start oral pain medication before the block wears off. Wear the sling and bolster as directed; repairs generally require 4–6 weeks, while debridement or decompression may require less.

Recovery timeline

During weeks 0–2, keep the sling on and perform elbow, wrist, finger, and scapular motion only, with pendulums if permitted. Formal therapy usually starts after the first postoperative visit at about 14 days, using gentle passive motion. Active motion begins as directed during weeks 6–12; light strengthening after cuff repair usually starts around week 12. Progressive strengthening and return to activity occur during months 3–6, with improvement continuing for up to a year.

Incisions and driving

Remove the shoulder wrap after 72 hours and leave Steri-Strips in place. Shower after 72 hours only if the incisions are covered and kept dry. Do not soak for at least 4 weeks and until the incisions are healed. Do not drive while taking narcotic medicine or wearing a sling; most patients resume at 2–4 weeks when they feel safe.

Recovery risks

Risks include infection, stiffness, blood clot, nerve or vessel injury, persistent symptoms, failure of healing, and possible further surgery. Call the office for fever above 101°F, increasing redness or drainage, worsening uncontrolled pain, persistent numbness after the block resolves, or significant hand or forearm swelling.